Abstracts
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Esteban Mira Caballos
La
primera utopía americana: Las reducciones de indios de los
jerónimos en La Española (1517 - 1519)
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9
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This articel deals with the first
creation of reducciones, villages destined exclusively for the
Indian population in the Spanish colonies, but under Spanish
guardianship, carried out by the jerónimos in La Española
between 1517 and 1519. Even though the idea for this kind of
settlements stems from fray Bartolomé de las Casas, the
jerónimos took the merit of translating his ideas
methodicaly into the practical use. Still, the project turned out
to be a failure, due to different circumstances like epidemics of
smallpox or the opposition of the Indian elite to the bad
treatment by the mayordomos, but nevertheless its influence could
be noticed in later programes. In order to analyse this
experience, already known documents, that so far have lacked
minute evaluation, are scrutinized. Of foremost interest in this
respect are the Cuentas de Juan de Ampiés, reports of the
factor who was comissioned by the jerónimos to overlook
the accounting of the settled Indians.
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Peer Schmidt
Freiheit
und Herrschaft in Las Casas De imperatoria vel regia potestate
(1571) - Eine propagandistische Finte
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37
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The article challenges the
conventional notion that Bartolomé de Las Casas was the
author of De regia potestate, a tract published in Frankfurt on
the Main in 1571. This notion is based on the preface of that
book in which Wolfgang Griesstetter, the alleged secretary to
Adam von Dietrichstein, claims to have obtained a copy of the
manuscript in Madrid. In fact, however, Dietrichstein never had a
secretary by that name. More importantly, the tract fits
perfectly into the anti-Spanish propaganda of the 1570s and of
the earliest phase of the Thirty Years' War. Hence it comes as no
surprise that all of its four editions from the early modern
period appeared in Germany, and none in Spain.
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Magnus Mörner
Changing Attitudes: Early Spanish Immigrants in the New World
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51
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The purpose of the article is to
study mental change related to early Spanish immigration in
America. After a conceptual discussion the author finds an
attitudinal approach to be preferred. Using the letter collection
of 16th century settlers, once found by Enrique Otte, as his
empirical basis, he highlights the attitudinal changes taking
place. He also specifically points out the role of the Spanish
woman in America. The ties to the home town in Spain originated
the settler's early return trips, but these were not so common
later on, as is apparent by bequests to the local Spanish
institutions. Finally the author discusses the attitudes of the
encomendero elite.
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Zacarías Moutoukias
Las formas complejas de la acción política:
justicia corporativa, faccionalismo y redes sociales (Buenos
Aires, 1750-1760)
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69
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The analysis of the local conflict
concerning the control of comercial justice in Buenos Aires
during the mid XVIIIth century reveals that the merchants of the
different urban factions of residents cannot simply be explained
using terms of social structure, as there was no obvious social
difference between these elites. In addition to macrostructures
it is necessary to take personal networks into account, in order
to explain political behaviour, and thus test the bigger
structures by microanalysis.
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Sylvia Lenz
A
sociabilidade alemã no Rio de Janeiro (1821-1863): A
Germania, a Igreja evangélica e a sociedade beneficente
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103
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We consider the differences between
the autonomy atitude of the Hanseats tradesmen and the
centralization of the Prussian State enhancing how this reflected
in the German community in Rio de Janeiro. Thus we demostrate the
significance of the associations - Vereine - in Germany since the
18th century and how they lived forth in Brazilian Court
considering the importance of the three German societies founded
there. The first one, the German Society - Gesellschaft Germania
- established in 1821 by German and other European traders,
mainly Englishmen, was concerned with leasure and culture. The
second, the German Evangelical Church - Deutsch-Evangelische
Gemeinde -, founded in 1827, was a Union of French speeking
calvinists and German lutherans and should give them spiritual
and moral support. The last, the German Welfare Society -
Deutscher Hülfsverein - from 1844, was of a more national
character; it aimed to attend the social and material needs of
the poorest compatriots desregarding their confession and
supported German Schools.
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Henriette von Holleuffer
Seeking New Horizons in Latin America: The Resettlement of
100.000 European Displaced Persons between the Gulf of Mexico and
Patagonia (1947-1951)
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125
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According to UNRRA statistics about
18 million Europeans were uprooted at the end of World War II.
Eight million qualified for the legal definition of displaced
persons (DPs). The majority had been displaced in the course of
Nazi Germany's invasion of several European countries. Many had
worked as forced laborers or had been deported for racial,
religious or political reasons before and during World War II.
Nearly seven million people were repatriated. The resettlement of
more than one million DPs in 48 countries illustrated a global
system of humanitarian-based population transfer which was
launched by the IRO between 1947 and 1951. Central and South
America took a "fair share" of nearly 100,000 DPs. This
article is a comparative study of Latin America's pragmatic
reaction to one of Europe's most urgent problems of the post-war
period of reconstruction.
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Bernardo García
Martínez
La ordenanza del marqués de Falces
del 26 de mayo de 1567: Una pequeña gran confusión
documental e historiográfica
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163
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On May 26, 1567, viceroy marqués
de Falces issued an executive decree or ordinance to establish
protective peripheries around all Indian corporate pueblo
settlements in New Spain. These peripheries were intended to
hinder land usage in ways that could be detrimental to pueblos
(such as ranching or grazing), and included both an inner and an
outer circle, each one with different levels of restriction. The
most significant of both, the inner circle, was commonly known as
the area of the "500 varas", roughly 500 meters in
radius. With time, this inner circle became the area where
individual pueblos consolidated their landed properties, and
ended up by being identified with the very territorial space of
the pueblos, which amounted to a big departure from the purpose
of the original executive order. But historians have interpreted
the ordinance of 1567 and the whole process in a different way,
mainly because the original text of the decree has remained
virtually unknown. The whole issue has produced a terrible jumble
in the colonial historiography of New Spain. The here published
article analyzes the pertinent historiography, presents evidence
that prove most of its authors wrong, and attempts to clear up
the confusion. And, of course, the original text of the document
is published, complete, for the first time.
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Salvador Cárdenas
Gutiérrez
Las insignias del rey: disciplina y
ritual público en la ciudad de México (siglos
XVI-XVIII)
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193
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As of the sixteenth century, a
royal device is more than a simple sign of family nobleness or
personal rank. In Castilla it is considered to be a State symbol,
and as such, a representative image of a higher political and
legal order. In the New World, the king's devices appeared always
in the center of the public ritual as a reference to the
established order of the Spanish Crown. The distance or aloofness
with respect to these symbolic objects could point out the rank
everyone had in the scales of power and dignity within the
Mexican courts. In this paper we shall analyze, on the one hand,
the form in which the king had himself represented through his
devices; on the other, the way in which these devices helped to
discipline the court in the public ritual. We shall finish with a
case involving a crimen lesae meiestatis, a crime that happened
in the sixteenth century in Mexico City, which is very
enlightening to both of these aspects.
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Emiliano Frutta
Limpieza
de sangre y nobleza en el México colonial: La formación
de un saber nobiliario (1571-1700)
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217
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The following article deals with
the notion of limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) as conceived
and put into practice in colonial Mexico. It explains how this
form of discrimination, which developed in fifteenth century
Spain, arrived in Mexico through the activity of the Inquisition
and how its usage there differed from that in the father land.
Limpieza de sangre, on one hand, gave the Mexican nobility an
ideological basis in order to justify its being on the top of the
social scale and also a concrete tool to control the extension of
its privileges to new members. It provided the élite with
a fundamental element in the construction of its own tradition,
on which then a specific strategy of behaviour was based upon.
Thus, limpieza de sangre contributed strongly to the formation of
a local noble identity during the entire colonial period.
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José Antonio Serrano
Ortega
Jerarquía territorial y ayuntamientos
constitucionales: Notas sobre el municipalismo de las primeras
décadas del siglo XIX mexicano
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237
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Though this article analyzes
certain aspects of the process of municipalization in Mexico, its
focus is on enumerating important questions concerning this
process in the 1820-1835 period. It emphasizes that the process
of municipalization was intimately linked to the history of the
colonial territorial hierarchy that Mexico inherited as an
independent nation. In other words, the conformation of the
municipal structure was determined by transformations that
affected this territorial hierarchy during the Independence Wars,
due to the reestablishment of the Cadiz Constitution in 1820 and
other factors mentioned in the text.
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Hira de Gortari Rabiela
Los ayuntamientos en el gobierno y organización
territorial de los estados de la Federación Mexicana:
1824-1827
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253
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The purpose of this essay is to
analyze the municipal government as part of the official
structure and the territorial organization of the states since
the first federalism. Examining the importance of the municipal
government in the territorial administration and state-politics,
and its insertion as part of the political organization, had
allowed me to notice a perspective annotated of reaches and
limits of the municipal institution and the variants in the
states conjunction. In order to investigate this topic, I have
reviewed the states' constitutions, different state laws in the
territory organization, others for the creation of the municipal
government and different official memories, from where it's
possible to establish the richness and variants of federalism, in
particular from the point of view of the states that were its
integrating parts.
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Jürgen Buchenau
The
Life Cycle of a Trade Diaspora: The German "Colony" in
Mexico City, 1821-present
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275
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This paper studies the negotiation
of national identity in Mexico City's small, but influential
German diaspora since 1821. This colony defines itself as those
Germans who pursue "respectable trades" and subsidize
German-language institutions in Mexico City. The essay examines
three stages of national identity in the German colony. The
"formative phase" (1821-94) created a proto-diaspora: a
sojourner community characterized by the remigration of
Handelskonquistadoren, or trade conquistadors, after a few
successful years in Mexico. During the "enclave phase"
(1894-1945), the Germans created a mature diaspora in Mexico that
included a German school and a host of other social and cultural
institutions. Finally, the "assimilationist phase" has
marked the gradual absorption of the old German colony into the
Mexican bourgeoisie since 1945, and the emergence of a
poly-diaspora of several different groups within the larger
German community.
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Paolo Riguzzi
Las
relaciones de México con Estados Unidos, 1878-1888:
Apertura económica y políticas de seguridad
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299
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In a few years since 1878 the bases
were laid down for the surge of the modern economic relations
between Mexico and the United States, through the railway
linkage, the investment of capital by U.S. companies and the
intensification of bilateral trade. Within this frame, the
article analyzes the balance between market forces and state
policies from Mexico's point of view. It is argued that the
Mexican government implemented a set of regulatory policies aimed
at maintaining political and administrative control over the
integration process and its actors.
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Rafael E. Tarragó
Cuba and Cubans through the Pages of The New York Times in
1898
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341
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The author has used news articles
and editorials published in The New York Times in 1898 to trace
the changes in United States opinion about Cuba and the Cubans
during that year. The resulting chronology becomes a sounding
board for his questioning old verities concerning issues such as
the position towards United States intervention in Cuba of the
Cuban generals, and the efficacy of the Teller Amendment to the
U.S. Congress Joint Resolution of April 18, 1898 in preventing
the annexation of Cuba by the United States. This article is
based on contemporary newspaper articles, documents, and other
printed primary sources.
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Sandra Rebok
Karl von
den Steinens völkerkundliche Studien im Xingú-Quellengebiet
Brasiliens Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts
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371
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This essay attempts to analize the
anthropological and ethnographical studies realized by the German
traveller and scientist Karl von den Steinen at the end of the
19th century in the region of the river Xingú in Central
Brazil. From the year 1883 onwards, this area was visited by
seven expeditions with the aim to realize different kinds of
research. The first and the second one (1887) were organized and
directed by Karl von den Steinen, who put his interest mainly in
the investigation of the Indian tribes that lived there in their
traditional way without any contact to the "civilized
world". After giving some biographical information, this
study shows von den Steinen?s ethnological interest, explains his
method to realize his scientific aims, concerning his
ethnographical as well as his linguistic studies, analizes his
theoretical background and presents, finally, the conclusions as
a theoretical result of his investigation.
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